Triple phase boundary and power density enhancement in PEMFCs of a Pt/C electrode with double catalyst layers

Exploring efficient approaches to design electrodes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is of great advantage to overcome the current limitations of the standard platinum supported carbon (Pt/C) catalyst. Herein, a Pt/C electrode consisting of double catalyst layers (DCL) with low Pt loading of around 0.130 mg_Pt cm^-2 is prepared using spray and electrophoresis (EPD) methods. The DCL electrode demonstrated a higher electrochemical surface area (ECSA-52.5 m² g_Pt ^-1) and smaller internal resistance (133 Ω) as compared to single catalyst layer (SCL) sprayed (37.1 m² g_Pt ^-1 and 184 Ω) or EPD (42.4 m² g_Pt ^-1 and 170 Ω) electrodes. In addition, the corresponding DCL membrane electrode assembly (MEA), which consists of a Pt/C DCL electrode at the anode side and a Pt/C sprayed electrode at the cathode side, also showed improved PEMFC performance as compared to others. Specifically, the DCL MEA generated the highest power density of 4.9 W mg_Pt ^-1, whereas, the SCL MEAs only produced 3.1 and 3.8 W mg_Pt ^-1, respectively. The superior utilization of the Pt catalysts into the DCL MEA can originate from the enrichment of the triple phase boundary (TPB) presented on the Pt/C DCL electrode, which can strongly promote the adsorbed hydrogen intermediates' removal from the anode side, thus improving the overall PEMFC performance.