"Water-in-salt" electrolyte enhanced high voltage aqueous supercapacitor with carbon electrodes derived from biomass...

To design high specific surface area and optimize the pore size distribution of materials, we employ a combination of carbonization and KOH activation to prepare activated carbon derived from ground grain hulls. The resulting carbon material at lower temperature (800, BSAC-A-800) exhibits a porous structure with a high specific surface area of 1037.6 m² g^-1 and a pore volume of 0.57 m³ g^-1. Due to the synergistic structural characteristics, BSAC-A-800 reveals preferable capacitive performance, showing a specific capacitance as high as 313.3 F g^-1 at 0.5 A g^-1, good rate performance (above 73%), and particularly stable cycling performance (99.1% capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles at a current density of 10 A g^-1). More importantly, the assembled symmetric supercapacitor using a water-in-salt electrolyte (17 m NaClO₄) with high discharge specific capacitance (59 F g^-1 at 0.5 A g^-1), high energy density (47.2 W h kg^-1) and high voltage (2.4 V) represents significant progress towards performance comparable to that of commercial salt-in-water electrolyte supercapacitors (with discharge specific capacitance of 50 F g^-1, energy densities of ∼28.1 W h kg^-1 and voltages of 2.0 V).