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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

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Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Preparation of a Corannulene-functionalized Hexahelicene by CopperI-catalyzed Alkyne-azide Cycloaddition of Nonplanar Polyaromatic Units
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Recent progress to construct calixarene-based polymers using covalent bonds: synthesis and applications.

Reza Zadmard1, Fahimeh Hokmabadi1, Mohammad Reza Jalali1

  • 1Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran Iran zadmard@ccerci.ac.ir.

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This review highlights recent advancements in calixarene-based covalent polymers, focusing on their synthesis and applications. It addresses the limited research on these materials compared to supramolecular polymers.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Calixarene-based polymers combine supramolecular chemistry and polymer science for unique applications.
  • Calixarene versatility is enhanced for host-guest chemistry objectives.
  • Calixarene-based polymers are classified as covalent or supramolecular based on interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments and applications of calixarene-based covalent polymers over the last two decades.
  • To focus on polymers synthesized using calixarene macromonomers via covalent bonding.
  • To highlight covalent polymers and solid supports functionalized with calixarenes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of calixarene-based covalent polymers from the last 20 years.
  • Analysis of polymers where calixarenes act as macromonomers.
  • Examination of covalent polymers and solid supports functionalized with calixarenes.

Main Results:

  • Identified a growing body of research on calixarene-based covalent polymers.
  • Detailed synthesis strategies involving calixarene macromonomers.
  • Showcased diverse applications of functionalized covalent polymers and supports.

Conclusions:

  • Calixarene-based covalent polymers offer significant potential for advanced applications.
  • Further research into calixarene-based covalent polymers is warranted.
  • These materials are crucial for host-guest chemistry and functional material development.