Simultaneous size manipulation and red upconversion luminescence enhancement of CaF₂:Yb³⁺/Ho³⁺ nanoparticles by...

Harnessing the color tuning capability of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) is of great significance in the field of advanced bioimaging and color display. Here, we report the tunable size and upconversion luminescence (UCL) multicolor in CaF₂:Yb³⁺/Ho³⁺/Ce³⁺ UCNPs, which were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. It was found that the size of these UCNPs could be controlled (from 600 to 30 nm) by varying the concentration of Ce³⁺ ions. Under the excitation of a 980 nm continuous-wave (CW) laser, the UCL color of these UCNPs can be tuned from green to red as the doped Ce³⁺ ions gradually increase from 0 to 10 mol% and the red-to-green (R/G) ratio is enhanced remarkably. It is suggested that the cross-relaxation (CR) processes between Ho³⁺ and Ce³⁺ ions contribute to the tunable multicolor and enhancement of the R/G ratio. The mechanism of these processes is well supported by the time-resolved decay and near infrared (NIR) emission measurements.