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Related Concept Videos

Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section01:21

Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

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When a material is subjected to uniaxial stress, it elongates or contracts in the direction of the applied force, and also undergoes changes in the perpendicular directions. This behavior is crucial for understanding how materials behave under stress and is governed by mechanical properties such as Poisson's ratio v, which measures the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain.
As the material stretches, it expands or contracts in orthogonal directions to the load. This phenomenon varies...
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Deformations in a Symmetric Member in Bending01:18

Deformations in a Symmetric Member in Bending

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When analyzing the deformation of a symmetric prismatic member subjected to bending by equal and opposite couples, it becomes clear that as the member bends, the originally straight lines on its wider faces curve into circular arcs, with a constant radius centered at a point known as Point C. This phenomenon helps to understand the stress and strain distribution within the member more clearly.
When the member is segmented into tiny cubic elements, it is observed that the primary stress...
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Deformation in a Circular Shaft01:10

Deformation in a Circular Shaft

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One of the distinctive characteristics of circular shafts is their ability to maintain their cross-sectional integrity under torsion. In other words, each cross-section continues to exist as a flat, unaltered entity, simply rotating like a solid, rigid slab. To understand the distribution of shearing stress within such a shaft, consider a cylindrical section inside this circular shaft. This section has a length of L and a radius of R, with one end fixed. The radius of the cylindrical section is...
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Bending of Curved Members - Strain Analysis01:14

Bending of Curved Members - Strain Analysis

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The mechanics of deformation in curved members, such as beams or arches, under bending moments, involve complex responses. When such a member, symmetric about the y-axis and shaped like a segment of a circle centered at point C, is subjected to equal and opposite forces, its curvature and surface lengths change significantly. This alteration results in the shift of the curvature's center from C to C', indicating a tighter curve.
The important part of bending analysis for such a member...
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Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
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Can Discharge Radiographs Predict Junctional Complications? A Decision Tree Analysis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Author Spotlight: 3D Movement Assessment of Maxillary Posterior Teeth in Clear Aligner Treatment
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Proximal and distal reciprocal changes following cervical deformity malalignment correction.

Renaud Lafage1, Justin S Smith2, Alex Moy Fong1

  • 11Department of Orthopedics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York.

Journal of Neurosurgery. Spine
|May 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Correcting cervical deformity (CD) reduces upper cervical hyperextension and improves thoracic kyphosis. This spinal realignment enhances the reserve of extension at C0-2, leading to better clinical outcomes for patients with cervical issues.

Keywords:
cervical deformitycompensationreciprocal changerelaxationsagittal alignment

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Area of Science:

  • Spine surgery
  • Orthopedics
  • Biomechanical analysis

Background:

  • Cervical deformity (CD) often involves C0-2 hyperextension, a compensatory mechanism for maintaining horizontal gaze.
  • This condition is analogous to pelvic tilt in maintaining upright posture.
  • Understanding the relationship between cervical alignment and compensatory hyperextension is crucial for surgical outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of cervical deformity correction on C0-2 hyperextension.
  • To determine if correcting cervical sagittal malalignment leads to relaxation of C0-2 hyperextension.
  • To assess the correlation between cervical correction and clinical outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of a multicenter database of patients with CD undergoing spinal realignment and fusion.
  • Calculation of range of motion (ROM) and reserve of extension (ROE) for C2-7 and C0-2 segments.
  • Analysis of the association between C2-7 correction and changes in C0-2 ROE, controlling for horizontal gaze.

Main Results:

  • CD correction significantly improved cervical alignment (C2-7 lordosis) and reduced C0-2 hyperlordosis.
  • Restoration of cervical alignment led to increased C0-2 ROM and ROE.
  • A significant correlation was found between improved C2-7 lordosis and increased C0-2 ROE, as well as increased thoracic kyphosis (TK).

Conclusions:

  • Cervical deformity correction effectively impacts compensatory mechanisms in the upper cervical and thoracic spine.
  • Restoring cervical alignment is associated with increased C0-2 ROE and TK.
  • Improved spinal alignment through surgical correction correlates with better clinical outcomes in CD patients.