Nanocellulose-based sensing platforms for heavy metal ions detection: A comprehensive review

Increase in industrial activities has been arising a severe concern about water pollution caused by heavy metal ions (HMIs), such us lead (Pb²⁺), cadmium (Cd²⁺) or mercury (Hg²⁺). The presence of substantial amounts of these ions in the human body is harmful and can cause serious diseases. Hence, the detection of HMIs in water is of great importance. As technological advances have developed, some conventional methods have become obsolete due to some methodological disadvantages, giving way to a second generation that uses novel sensors. Recently, nanocellulose, as a biocompatible material, has drawn a remarkable attraction for developing sensors owing to its extraordinary physical and chemical properties. This review pays a special attention to the different dimensional nanocellulose-based sensors devised for HMIs recognition. What is more, different sensing techniques (optical and electrochemical), sensing mechanisms and the roles of nanocellulose in such sensors are discussed.