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Related Concept Videos

Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 24, 2025

A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible
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Current trends in craniofacial reconstruction.

C M Hurley1, R McConn Walsh2, N P Shine2

  • 1Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.

The Surgeon : Journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland
|May 7, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Head and neck reconstruction presents complex challenges, with vascularized bone grafts and microsurgery becoming the standard for large defects. Future innovations may involve virtual surgery and tissue engineering for advanced reconstructive capabilities.

Keywords:
Cranial baseMandibleMidfacialReconstructionScalp

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Craniofacial Reconstruction
  • Microsurgery

Background:

  • Head and neck reconstruction faces significant functional and aesthetic challenges.
  • Advancing treatments for midfacial and skull base tumors increase reconstructive complexity.
  • Restoration requires intricate skeletal architecture and extensive soft tissue envelopes capable of withstanding adjuvant therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review challenges in craniofacial reconstruction, focusing on mandibular, midfacial, scalp, and skull base defects.
  • To examine current reconstructive modalities and their limitations.
  • To explore future frontiers in head and neck reconstruction.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current reconstructive strategies, emphasizing vascularized bone grafts and microsurgical techniques.
  • Discussion of challenges in specific craniofacial areas: mandible, midface, scalp, and skull base.
  • Exploration of innovative approaches and future directions in the field.

Main Results:

  • Vascularized bone grafts with microsurgical techniques are the preferred method for large defects, replacing older flap methods.
  • Reconstruction goals are shifting from flap survival to aesthetic and functional refinement.
  • Complex and innovative reconstructions are increasingly being performed.

Conclusions:

  • Head and neck reconstruction demands sophisticated solutions for intricate defects.
  • The trend favors microsurgical techniques and vascularized bone grafts for complex reconstructions.
  • Future advancements may integrate virtual surgery and tissue engineering to enhance reconstructive potential beyond current free tissue transfer limitations.