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Related Concept Videos

Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Cytokinesis segregates a cell’s chromosomes and organelles into its daughter cells. Organelles divide and grow prior to cell division but cannot be synthesized de novo; therefore, cells must receive at least one copy of each organelle to survive. Currently, many of the details of how the organelles are distributed are not yet fully elucidated.
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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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In 1866, Gregor Mendel published the results of his pea plant breeding experiments, providing evidence for predictable patterns in the inheritance of physical characteristics. The significance of his findings was not immediately recognized. In fact, the existence of genes was unknown at the time. Mendel referred to hereditary units as “factors.”
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High-throughput Screening for Protein-based Inheritance in S. cerevisiae
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Inheritance through the cytoplasm.

M Florencia Camus1, Bridie Alexander-Lawrie2, Joel Sharbrough2

  • 1Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK. f.camus@ucl.ac.uk.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cytoplasmic genomes in eukaryotes exhibit diverse, non-Mendelian inheritance patterns, often maternal. Understanding these hereditary symbiosis systems is crucial for eukaryotic evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Nuclear genomes follow Mendelian inheritance.
  • Cytoplasmic genomes present exceptions with varied inheritance patterns (maternal, paternal, biparental).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diversity and evolutionary consequences of cytoplasmic inheritance.
  • To explore the origins and evolution of cytoplasmic genomes and their interactions with nuclear genomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of cytoplasmic inheritance systems across Eukaryota.
  • Analysis of genomic organization evolution and population genetics dynamics.
  • Discussion of nuclear-cytoplasmic genome co-evolution and intergenomic conflict.

Main Results:

  • Cytoplasmic genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in inheritance and genomic organization.
  • Interactions between nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes shape evolution.
  • Non-Mendelian inheritance leads to unique evolutionary trajectories.

Conclusions:

  • Cytoplasmic inheritance is a key factor in eukaryotic evolution.
  • Understanding hereditary symbiosis between nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes is essential.
  • Intergenomic conflict arises from divergent inheritance patterns.