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T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 24, 2025

The bm12 Inducible Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus SLE in C57BL/6 Mice

The bm12 Inducible Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus SLE in C57BL/6 Mice

Published on: November 1, 2015

T cell dysregulation in SLE.

Klaus Tenbrock¹, Thomas Rauen²

¹Dept of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.

Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.)

|May 8, 2022

Summary

T helper cells are crucial in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by assisting antibody production. This review explores molecular mechanisms behind T cell abnormalities in SLE patients for potential therapeutic targets.

Keywords:

CD4+ T cells CD8+ T cells Foxp3 Lupus T follicular helper cells Tregs

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Last Updated: Sep 24, 2025

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Published on: November 1, 2015

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Published on: May 16, 2014

Area of Science:

Immunology
Autoimmune Diseases
Molecular Biology

Background:

T helper cells are critical for B cell antibody production, playing a central role in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis.
Abnormalities in T helper cells are well-documented in SLE patients, contributing to disease pathophysiology.
T effector cells also have a role in SLE, though less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the molecular mechanisms underlying T cell alterations in SLE.
To highlight potential therapeutic targets based on T cell dysregulation in SLE.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on T cell function and alterations in SLE.
Analysis of molecular pathways involved in T cell abnormalities.

Main Results:

Detailed examination of various T helper cell abnormalities in SLE.
Exploration of the less defined role of T effector cells in SLE.

Conclusions:

Understanding T cell molecular mechanisms in SLE is key for developing targeted therapies.
Further research into T effector cell roles may reveal new therapeutic strategies for SLE.