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Updated: Sep 24, 2025
Morphological and Functional Assessment of the Right Ventricle Using 3D Echocardiography
Published on: October 28, 2020
Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Right Ventricular Volumes and Ejection Fraction Reference Values in Children: A
Pei-Ni Jone1, Lisa Le1, Zhaoxing Pan2
1Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Background:
Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) evaluation of right ventricular (RV) volumes and ejection fraction (EF) is increasingly used for clinical serial assessments and management in children. This study aims to generate sex-specific reference values and z-score equations for RV volumetric parameters, independent of age and body size indices, derived from multiple populations across North America.
Methods:
We prospectively recruited 455 healthy children (ages 0 to 18 years) from 5 centres. 3DE of the RV were acquired using various vendors with analyses performed offline using vendor-independent software. 3DE datasets with all walls of the RV endocardium visible were included. We reported data on RV EF, and generated z scores for end-systolic volumes (ESV), end-diastolic volumes (EDV) and stroke volume (SV). Differences between the sexes were explored.
Results:
Of 455 3DE datasets, 312 (68%) met imaging criteria for analysis. Median age was 10.1 years (interquartile ratio [IQR]: 5.6, 14.0) with 17% being younger than 3 years of age. The mean and standard deviation for RV EDV, ESV, and SV for male and female patients were reported. We provided a downloadable z-score calculator with height and weight as independent variables to facilitate clinical utility. Although statistically significant differences between male and female RVEF was present (female 52.9 ± 3.9% vs male 51.6 ± 3.5%, P = 0.006), after adjusting for age, height, and weight, the magnitude of difference was clinically insignificant.
Conclusions:
Sex-specific reference values for pediatric RV volumes and EF, and z-score equations were derived from children 3DE datasets across 5 centres in North America.
