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Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
Published on: March 31, 2023
Recent ENSO evolution and its real-time prediction challenges
Rong-Hua Zhang1, Chuan Gao1, Licheng Feng2
1Institute of Oceanology, and Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
Abstract:
The frequent occurrences of the second-year surface cooling condition in the eastern equatorial Pacific, as observed in late 2021, are attributed to decadal changes in the thermocline depth, which determine the relative dominances of local cooling effect in the east and subsurface warming effect remotely from the west. Coupled models need to adequately represent these processes in a balanced way, thus being able to successfully predict the observed sea surface temperature evolution in late 2021.
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