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Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

Amides to Amines: LiAlH₄ Reduction

Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.

Reduced Mass Coordinates: Isolated Two-body Problem

Reduced Mass Coordinates: Isolated Two-body Problem

In classical mechanics, the two-body problem is one of the fundamental problems describing the motion of two interacting bodies under gravity or any other central force. When considering the motion of two bodies, one of the most important concepts is the reduced mass coordinates, a quantity that allows the two-body problem to be solved like a single-body problem. In these circumstances, it is assumed that a single body with reduced mass revolves around another body fixed in a position with an...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH₄ Reduction

Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Using Laser Scanning Microscopy to Determine Electromigration in Molybdenum Disilicide

Using Laser Scanning Microscopy to Determine Electromigration in Molybdenum Disilicide

Published on: May 23, 2025

Reduction-Controlled Atomic Migration for Single Atom Alloy Library.

Yan-Ru Wang¹, Qingfeng Zhuang², Rui Cao³

¹Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, People's Republic of China.

|May 9, 2022

Summary

We discovered a new method to create single atom alloys (SAAs) by controlling atomic migration pathways in catalysts. This breakthrough aids in designing advanced catalysts for improved performance.

Keywords:

atom migration cupper noble metal reduction-controlled single atom alloys

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Last Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Using Laser Scanning Microscopy to Determine Electromigration in Molybdenum Disilicide

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Catalysis
Nanotechnology

Background:

Understanding catalyst mechanisms requires visualizing atomic migration.
Synthesizing single atom alloys (SAAs) is challenging due to poorly understood mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the mechanism of reduction-controlled atomic migration.
To develop a reliable method for converting nanoparticles to SAAs.

Main Methods:

Thermally treating noble-metal nanoparticles (Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ir, Pt, Au) on copper oxide (CuO) supports.
Utilizing a hydrogen/argon (H2/Ar) reactive atmosphere.
Employing atomic-level characterization techniques.

Main Results:

A novel reduction-controlled atomic migration pathway was identified.
Noble metal nanoparticles were successfully converted into single atom alloys (SAAs).
The conversion is driven by synergistic effects of H2 dissociation and CuO reduction.

Conclusions:

The study reveals a key pathway for nanomaterial formation and catalyst design.
This provides fundamental insights into dynamic mechanisms of nanomaterial synthesis.
The findings facilitate the rational design of high-performance single atom alloy catalysts.