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Leveling Effect01:29

Leveling Effect

936
In acid-base chemistry, the leveling effect refers to the limitation imposed by the solvent on the strength of acids and bases in solution. When a base stronger than the solvent's conjugate base is used, it deprotonates the solvent until the base is entirely consumed, making it ineffective against weaker acids. Conversely, an acid stronger than the solvent's conjugate acid protonates the solvent until the acid is depleted, rendering it ineffective against weaker bases. Essentially, the...
936
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

676
Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
676
Leveling Effect and Non-Aqueous Acid-Base Solutions02:11

Leveling Effect and Non-Aqueous Acid-Base Solutions

8.7K
This lesson defines the leveling effect in acidic and basic solutions and its role in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. It is essential to understand the competing nature of various species in a chemical system.
The Leveling Effect of a Solvent
A generic acid (HA) reacts with the generic base (B-) to yield the corresponding conjugate base (A-) and conjugate acid (HB):
8.7K
Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

42.5K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
42.5K
Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

987
Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
987
Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

1.8K
The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
1.8K

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Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery
09:50

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

Published on: January 22, 2015

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Specific-Ion Effects Unveil a Route for Modulating Oxidatively Triggered Acid Systems for Reservoir Applications.

Amy J Cairns1, Katherine L Hull1, Stacey M Althaus1

  • 1Aramco Americas: Aramco Research Center-Houston, 16300 Park Row, Houston, Texas 77084, United States.

Inorganic Chemistry
|May 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study demonstrates on-demand preparation of organic acids using ammonium salts and bromates at high temperatures. Lithium bromide addition effectively controls reaction rates for oil field applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Industrially relevant organic acids are crucial for various chemical processes.
  • On-demand synthesis methods are needed for specialized applications like oil field chemistry.
  • Controlling reaction kinetics is essential for targeted delivery and performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the on-demand in situ preparation of methanesulfonic acid, triflic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid.
  • To investigate the oxidation of ammonium salts (NH4X) using sodium and potassium bromates.
  • To explore methods for controlling reaction rates for high-temperature applications.

Main Methods:

  • Selective oxidation of ammonium salts (NH4X, where X = OMs, OTf, OTFAc) using sodium and potassium bromates at 150 °C.
  • Kinetic analysis of acid formation and characterization of reaction behavior, including clock reactions.
  • Spectroscopic studies to elucidate reaction mechanisms and the effect of alkali metal salt additives, particularly LiBr.

Main Results:

  • Successful on-demand preparation of methanesulfonic acid, triflic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid.
  • Observation of characteristic clock reaction behavior with extended induction times.
  • Demonstration that LiBr addition significantly modulates (slows or inhibits) acid formation rates by forming lithium bromate ion pairs and altering reaction pathways.

Conclusions:

  • The developed redox system is a viable candidate for high-temperature oil field chemistry requiring on-demand acid placement.
  • Alkali metal salts, especially LiBr, offer a method to control ammonium oxidation kinetics, enabling delayed acid formation.
  • Understanding these reaction dynamics allows for strategic application in demanding industrial environments.