Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

15.2K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
15.2K
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

1.4K
A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied...
1.4K
Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

56.2K
The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
56.2K
Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria01:07

Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria

430
Ladder diagrams are useful for evaluating equilibria involving metal-ligand complexes. The vertical scale of the ladder diagram represents the concentration of unreacted or free ligand, pL. The horizontal lines on the scale depict the log of stepwise formation constants for metal-ligand complexes and indicate the dominant species in all the regions.
The formation constant, K1, for the formation of Cd(NH3)2+ complex from cadmium and ammonia is 3.55 × 102. Log K1 (i.e. pNH3) is 2.55, and...
430
Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

1.8K
The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
1.8K
Regulation of Sodium and Potassium01:26

Regulation of Sodium and Potassium

917
The regulation of sodium and potassium ion concentrations in the human body is a complex process governed primarily by hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Sodium Regulation
Sodium ions make up approximately 90% of extracellular cations, with a normal blood plasma concentration of 136–148 mEq/L. A decrease in blood volume and pressure triggers the release of renin from granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC), primarily...
917

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Structural evolution of iron oxides melts at Earth's outer-core pressures.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Platform for 100 s Mbar equation of state measurements on the National Ignition Facility.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026
Same author

Direct Ab Initio Simulation of the Synthesis of BaZrO<sub>3</sub> and the Microstructure Impacts on Proton Transport.

ACS nano·2026
Same author

Erratum: "X-ray diffraction at the National Ignition Facility" [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 91, 043902 (2020)].

The Review of scientific instruments·2026
Same author

Prediction of an alternative high-pressure route to polymeric carbon dioxide as a metastable energetic material.

Communications chemistry·2025
Same author

Measurement of turbulent velocity and bounds for thermal diffusivity in laser shock compressed foams by x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy.

Physical review. E·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 24, 2025

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions
08:42

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

Published on: October 10, 2014

11.7K

Structural complexity in ramp-compressed sodium to 480 GPa.

Danae N Polsin1,2, Amy Lazicki3, Xuchen Gong4,5

  • 1University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, NY, USA. dpol@lle.rochester.edu.

Nature Communications
|May 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extreme pressure transforms sodium into an electride by squeezing electrons into voids, causing melting and recrystallization. This reveals novel, temperature-driven phases stabilized by core electron overlap.

More Related Videos

High-pressure, High-temperature Deformation Experiment Using the New Generation Griggs-type Apparatus
12:30

High-pressure, High-temperature Deformation Experiment Using the New Generation Griggs-type Apparatus

Published on: April 3, 2018

19.0K
Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water
16:24

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Published on: August 2, 2012

18.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 24, 2025

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions
08:42

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

Published on: October 10, 2014

11.7K
High-pressure, High-temperature Deformation Experiment Using the New Generation Griggs-type Apparatus
12:30

High-pressure, High-temperature Deformation Experiment Using the New Generation Griggs-type Apparatus

Published on: April 3, 2018

19.0K
Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water
16:24

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Published on: August 2, 2012

18.8K

Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • High-Pressure Physics

Background:

  • Material properties are dictated by valence electron configurations at ambient pressure.
  • Extreme pressures cause core-electron orbital overlap, predicting novel quantum behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the behavior of elemental sodium under extreme compression.
  • To explore the potential formation of electride phases in sodium at high pressures.

Main Methods:

  • Ramp compression of sodium to nearly 500 GPa.
  • In situ x-ray diffraction for phase transition analysis.
  • Optical reflectivity measurements to study electronic properties.

Main Results:

  • Density increased 7-fold, reducing interatomic distance and squeezing valence electrons.
  • Pressure-induced melting and recrystallization occurred rapidly.
  • Observed unexpected phase transitions and a precipitous decrease in optical reflectivity.
  • Evidence suggests the formation of electride states due to core electron overlap.

Conclusions:

  • Extreme compression induces significant structural and electronic changes in sodium.
  • Core electron overlap under high pressure stabilizes unique electride phases.
  • Discovered temperature-driven polymorphism in compressed sodium.