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Related Concept Videos

Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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Learning processes in hierarchical pairs regulate entire gene expression in cells.

Tomoyuki Yamaguchi1

  • 1Research Institute, Nozaki Tokushukai Hospital, Daito City, Osaka, 574-0074, Japan. t.yamaguchi@tokushukai.jp.

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|May 9, 2022
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Summary

This study introduces a theoretical model where simple, repeated biological processes and epigenetic feedback ensure proper gene expression. This epigenetic learning process explains gene expression changes during development and proposes the law of biological inertia.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Theoretical Biology

Background:

  • Gene expression is tightly controlled by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms.
  • The cooperative interplay between these mechanisms for precise gene regulation is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically demonstrate how simple biological processes and epigenetic feedback can achieve appropriate gene expression patterns.
  • To develop a model explaining gene regulation during development and proposing a new biological principle.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a learning pair model with competitive amplification and decay processes.
  • Simulation of gene regulation in a hierarchical-pair architecture with thousands of self-regulated factors.
  • Modeling of gene expression changes during human embryogenesis and hematopoiesis.

Main Results:

  • The model successfully reproduces gene expression dynamics observed during human early embryogenesis and hematopoiesis.
  • Demonstration that iterative feedback to epigenetic states ensures functional gene expression patterns.
  • Validation of a hierarchical-pair architecture for self-regulation of gene activation.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic learning through repeated biological processes is crucial for maintaining proper gene expression.
  • The proposed law of biological inertia suggests cells maintain expression patterns while renewing components.
  • The model provides a theoretical framework for understanding gene regulation and cellular stability.