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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Design and Development of a Three-Dimensionally Printed Microscope Mask Alignment Adapter for the Fabrication of Multilayer Microfluidic Devices
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Customized protective visors enabled by closed loop controlled 4D printing.

Qinglei Ji1,2, Xi Vincent Wang1, Lihui Wang1

  • 1Department of Production Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden.

Scientific Reports
|May 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces 4D printing for customized protective visors, enhancing comfort and fit for diverse users. The method also explores sustainable practices for visor production and reuse.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for readily available personal protective equipment (PPE), such as face visors.
  • Existing 3D-printed face visor designs often lack customization, leading to suboptimal fit and comfort for diverse users.
  • Rapid and adaptive manufacturing capabilities of 3D printing were crucial for initial visor production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel post-processing method for 3D-printed face visors using closed-loop controlled 4D printing.
  • To enable customized visor sizing for improved user comfort and fit.
  • To investigate the sustainability of customized visors through a reduce, reuse, and recycle (3R) framework.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of closed-loop controlled 4D printing for post-processing of 3D-printed visor frames.
  • Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis to evaluate the wearing experience of customized visors.
  • Experimental investigation of fabrication precision and time costs.
  • Development of a case study for 3R strategies in educational settings.

Main Results:

  • The 4D printing post-processing method allows for deformation of visor frames to customized sizes.
  • FEM analysis indicates consistent wearing experience for customized visors across different conditions.
  • Experimental data validates the fabrication precision and quantifies the time cost of the proposed method.
  • A viable 3R strategy for customized visors in classrooms was proposed.

Conclusions:

  • 4D printing offers a viable solution for creating personalized face visors, improving user experience.
  • The proposed method addresses the limitations of mono-sized designs in rapid prototyping.
  • Sustainable manufacturing and lifecycle management (3R) are crucial for the long-term viability of customized PPE.