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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

High-frequency High-resolution Echocardiography: First Evidence on Non-invasive Repeated Measure of Myocardial Strain, Contractility, and Mitral Regurgitation in the Ischemia-reperfused Murine Heart
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High-frequency High-resolution Echocardiography: First Evidence on Non-invasive Repeated Measure of Myocardial Strain, Contractility, and Mitral Regurgitation in the Ischemia-reperfused Murine Heart

Published on: July 9, 2010

Normal Values for Myocardial Work Indices Derived From Pressure-Strain Loop Analyses: From the CCHS.

Flemming Javier Olsen1,2,3, Kristoffer Grundtvig Skaarup1,2, Mats Christian Højbjerg Lassen1,2

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark (F.J.O., K.G.S., M.C.H.L., N.D.J., M.S., G.G., T.B.-S.).

Circulation. Cardiovascular Imaging
|May 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Reference values for myocardial work indices, including global work index (GWI), global constructive work (GCW), global wasted work (GWW), and global work efficiency (GWE), were established. These indices vary by sex and age, becoming less frequent with higher cardiovascular risk.

Keywords:
middle agedmyocardial worknormal valuespressure strain loopstrain

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Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

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Published on: January 14, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Pressure-strain loop analysis is a noninvasive method for assessing myocardial work.
  • Establishing reference values for myocardial work indices is crucial for clinical application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish reference values for myocardial work indices (GWI, GCW, GWW, GWE) in a general population.
  • To examine the influence of age and sex on these indices.
  • To assess the prevalence of abnormal myocardial work indices across different cardiovascular risk levels.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 1827 healthy participants in a general population study.
  • Measured myocardial work indices using pressure-strain loop analysis.
  • Analyzed the relationship between indices, age, sex, and Framingham risk score.

Main Results:

  • Established reference values: GWI (1576 mmHg%), GCW (1708 mmHg%), GWW (159 mmHg%), GWE (93.0%).
  • Women showed higher GWI, GCW, GWW, and lower GWE compared to men.
  • Age- and sex-dependent variations in indices were observed, with increased abnormalities in higher cardiovascular risk groups.

Conclusions:

  • Myocardial work indices demonstrate significant sex and age-dependent differences.
  • Age- and sex-specific reference values were derived from a general population.
  • Abnormalities in myocardial work indices correlate with increased clinical cardiovascular risk.