Perspectives of International Experts on Collaborative Tiered School-Based Physiotherapy Service Delivery

The purpose of this Phase II study is to identify the perceived strengths and weaknesses of a collaborative tiered school-based physiotherapy (PT) service delivery model, considering its core attributes and tiered interventions identified in the first phase of the study (Phase I), and explore the potential facilitators and barriers to implementing the model internationally.

Three focus group discussions were conducted with international experts (n = 16) Discussions focused on the core attributes and tiered interventions of the model in Phase I. Data were analyzed using a framework approach and SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis.

Themes surrounding the perceived characteristics of the model included comprehensiveness, guiding document, collaborative approach, and inclusiveness. Additional themes were related to the implementation that included governance, professional roles, workload, implementation in different countries, advocacy, and available opportunities. A framework table was tabulated to present the strengths and weaknesses of the service delivery model and available opportunities, and potential barriers to implementation.

This study revealed international perspectives regarding a proposed collaborative tiered school-based PT service delivery model and presented a framework to guide clinicians, researchers, and policymakers for the implementation of tiered approaches.Relationships between health and education have been more pronounced in recent years, and interactions between healthcare and the education system have evolved (Zajacova & Lawrence, 2018). Recent recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNESCO suggest that "every school should be a health-promoting school", and provided intervention guidelines for the global standards for health-promoting schools (WHO., 2021a). In the meantime, education sectors in different countries have shifted inclusive education policy, with a focus not only on students with disabilities, but all students (Whitley & Hollweck, 2020). In conjunction with the changes in both education and school health services (WHO., 2021b), researchers in the field of speech-language therapy (SLT), occupational therapy (OT) (Camden et al., 2021), and physiotherapy (PT) (Cinar et al., 2021), have been exploring tiered approaches to delivering services in schools, and searching for collaborative strategies to encourage interaction between stakeholders in health and education sectors.