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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Spiers Memorial Lecture: Assembly-based pathways of crystallization.

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Summary

Crystal growth can occur via particle attachment, not just monomer addition. This review explores hierarchical pathways, focusing on oriented attachment mechanisms and influencing factors like particle size and surface ligands.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Classical nucleation and growth theories describe crystal formation from monomeric units.
  • Recent findings reveal hierarchical pathways involving larger species during nucleation and growth.
  • Mechanisms of growth via assembly of complex units remain less understood than nucleation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent investigations into crystal growth mechanisms.
  • To emphasize particle attachment, particularly oriented attachment, as a growth pathway.
  • To discuss factors influencing particle attachment and their consequences.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on crystal growth by particle attachment.
  • Analysis of interfacial structure, interparticle forces, and attachment dynamics.
  • Examination of size-dependent phase stability and ligand functionalization effects.

Main Results:

  • Hierarchical pathways involving particle attachment are significant in crystal formation.
  • Oriented attachment is a key mechanism for ordered structure assembly.
  • Interfacial structure, forces, particle size, and surface ligands critically influence attachment.

Conclusions:

  • Crystal growth is more complex than classical monomer addition, involving hierarchical assembly.
  • Understanding particle attachment, especially oriented attachment, is crucial for controlling crystal formation.
  • Further research into interfacial phenomena and particle properties is needed to elucidate growth mechanisms.