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Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high...
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G Protein-Coupled Receptors or GPCRs are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to sensory stimuli such as light, odors, hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters.
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Golgi matrix proteins are a group of highly dynamic proteins that maintain the stacked structure of Golgi. These proteins adapt to rapid morphological changes of the Golgi during the cell cycle. During cell division, mild proteolysis removes these connections resulting in Golgi unstacking. In The daughter cells, these proteins help reassemble the unstacked Golgi.
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The multifaceted functions of cGAS.

Haipeng Liu1,2,3, Fei Wang1,2, Yajuan Cao1

  • 1Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China.

Journal of Molecular Cell Biology
|May 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) acts as a key sensor for cytosolic DNA, initiating innate immune responses. This review details cGAS

Keywords:
DNA sensingcyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS)innate immunitymicronucleophagystimulator of interferon genes (STING)

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are crucial for innate and adaptive immunity.
  • Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is a pivotal cytosolic DNA sensor.
  • cGAS activation by double-stranded DNA triggers innate immunity, notably the type I interferon response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of cGAS beyond its canonical DNA sensing function.
  • To summarize recent advancements in understanding cGAS subcellular localization and novel functions.
  • To highlight cGAS involvement in diverse cellular processes and disease states.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on cGAS.
  • Analysis of studies investigating cGAS localization and function.
  • Synthesis of findings on cGAS regulation of cellular processes.

Main Results:

  • cGAS plays significant roles in regulating senescence, autophagy, and cell stemness.
  • cGAS influences apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and antitumor immunity.
  • cGAS is involved in DNA replication, DNA damage repair, micronucleophagy, and cell metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • cGAS is a versatile protein with diverse functions extending to cellular homeostasis and disease.
  • Understanding cGAS' novel roles offers potential therapeutic targets.
  • Further research into cGAS biology is warranted to explore its full implications.