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Particle-in-cell simulations reveal complex terahertz (THz) radiation scaling in laser-driven plasmas. THz output energy depends intricately on laser intensity and wavelength, indicating distinct acceleration mechanisms at different relativistic regimes.

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma Physics
  • Laser-Plasma Interactions
  • Terahertz (THz) Science

Background:

  • Ultrafast laser pulses interacting with plasmas generate terahertz (THz) radiation.
  • Understanding the energy scaling of THz generation is crucial for applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the energy scaling of THz radiation produced by ultrafast plasma currents driven by relativistic laser pulses.
  • To elucidate the underlying physical mechanisms governing THz generation in different laser intensity regimes.

Main Methods:

  • Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations in 2D and 3D were employed.
  • Analysis focused on the relationship between laser parameters (intensity I₀, wavelength λ₀) and THz output energy (W_THz).
  • Electron distribution functions were analyzed to understand electron temperature (Tₑ) scaling.

Main Results:

  • THz output energy (W_THz) scaling is complex and does not simply follow I₀λ₀.
  • For moderate fields, W_THz scales as (I₀λ₀²)α, indicating vacuum electron acceleration.
  • For strong relativistic fields, W_THz scales with the ponderomotive potential, converging to W_THz ∝ I₀²/λ₀², indicating ponderomotive charge acceleration.
  • Electron temperature (Tₑ) exhibits similar scaling behavior to W_THz.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a clear physical picture of THz generation in relativistic and subrelativistic laser plasmas.
  • THz yield as a function of I₀ and λ₀ can serve as a probe for hot electron temperature (Tₑ).
  • The exponent α of the (I₀λ₀²)α fit can help identify dominant laser-to-electron energy conversion mechanisms.