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Related Concept Videos

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
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Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

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Targeting Apoptosis in ALL.

Wesley M Smith1, Daniel R Reed2

  • 1Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA.

Current Hematologic Malignancy Reports
|May 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Targeting the BCL-2 pathway shows promise for treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), especially in adult patients with relapsed disease. BCL-2 inhibition offers a new therapeutic strategy to improve outcomes in ALL.

Keywords:
Apoptosis; Acute lymphoblastic leukemiaBCL-2Novel therapeutics

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Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis
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Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
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Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis
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Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment has advanced, yet adult relapse remains common.
  • The BH3 protein family, regulating apoptosis, is critical in ALL survival and proliferation.
  • ALL cells exhibit a reliance on the balance of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins within the BH3 family.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of apoptosis in ALL.
  • To discuss the reliance mechanisms of ALL on the BH3 protein family.
  • To explore BCL-2 pathway drug development and future research directions in ALL.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of apoptosis mechanisms in ALL.
  • Analysis of BCL-2 family protein roles in ALL cell survival.
  • Examination of current and emerging BCL-2 inhibitor drug development.

Main Results:

  • BCL-2 pathway inhibitors like venetoclax demonstrate potential in ALL treatment.
  • These inhibitors have achieved complete remissions and minimal residual disease negativity.
  • Ongoing trials investigate BCL-2 inhibition combined with chemotherapy and other targeted therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting the BCL-2 pathway is a promising strategy for adult ALL, particularly in relapsed settings.
  • Further research is needed to integrate BCL-2 inhibition into existing ALL treatment paradigms.
  • Improving outcomes for adult ALL patients remains a critical unmet need.