An enzyme-free FRET nanoprobe for ultrasensitive ketamine detection based on ATP-fueled target recycling

Ketamine is a commonly abused drug due to its stimulant, dissociative and hallucinogenic effects. An overdose of ketamine has been found to cause a variety of side effects. Therefore, the identification and quantification of ketamine are of significant importance for clinical purposes and drug seizing. However, conventional methods for ketamine detection possess some disadvantages such as sophisticated procedures, expensive instruments and low sensitivity. Herein, we develop a novel fluorescent nanoprobe for ultrasensitive ketamine detection with signal amplification based on Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)-fueled target recycling and FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) occurring between the FAM (Fluorescein, tagged with Y-shape DNA) and AuNPs. Based on the combination of FRET and signals circle amplification, the gold nanospheres functionalized with Y-motif DNA (Y@AuNPs) nanoprobe was utilized for effective ketamine detection with the limit of detection (LOD) down to 3 pg mL^-1, which was lower than previously reported. Furthermore, the high sensitivity of Y@AuNPs facilitated quantitative analysis in biological media and practical samples.