Highly permeable PVDF membrane with PS/ZnO nanocomposite incorporated for distillation process

In order to enhance the flux and wetting resistance of PVDF membranes for MD applications, we have developed a novel PVDF blend nanocomposite membrane using a polystyrene/ZnO (PS/ZnO) hybrid nanocomposite. The PS/ZnO nanocomposite was synthesized by free radical polymerization of styrene in the presence of vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) grafted on the surface of ZnO nanoparticles. The blend nanocomposite membrane is fabricated via the phase inversion method and we examined the effects of the PS/ZnO nanocomposite on porosity, mechanical properties, hydrophobicity, LEPw, morphology, surface roughness and MD performance. It was found that the addition of the PS/ZnO hybrid nanocomposite (0.25, 0.5 and 0.75%) resulted in an increase in porosity (>70%), which is attributed to increased pore size and reduction of the spongy layer thickness. Furthermore, the addition of the nanocomposite also improved the surface roughness and contact angle. Comparison between the neat and modified membrane shows that with incorporation of the PS/ZnO nanocomposite, the desalination flux of 30 g L^-1 saline aqueous solution significantly increased and rejection reached 99.99%. Meanwhile, during 100 hours continuous desalination process, the membranes composed of 0.75% PS/ZnO hybrid nanocomposite exhibited high performance stability (15.79 kg m^-2 h^-1) compared with the neat PVDF membrane.