Amphoteric starch derivatives as reusable flocculant for heavy-metal removal

A pH-responsive amphoteric starch derivative (PRAS) bearing dual functional groups (amino and carboxyl groups) was prepared through etherification of starch with 2-chloro-4,6-diglycino-[1,3,5]-triazine. PRAS exhibits a reversible pH-response property in aqueous solution. The attractive property of PRAS is that it could be used as an effective flocculant for heavy metal-ion (e.g. Cu(ii) and Zn(ii)) removal from wastewater by changing pH. The transition of hydrophobicity-hydrophilicity would produce shrinkage of the polymer matrix, facilitating the release of heavy-metal ions from the saturated flocculant. As an ideal flocculant PRAS displayed outstanding stability and reproducibility, whose remove rate for Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) remained at 93% and 91% after three flocculation/regeneration cycles.