A Case of Campylobacter Fetus Subspecies Fetus Systemic Infection

Campylobacter are gram-negative bacilli commonly known to cause gastro-intestinal infection; however, species like Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus (C. fetus) have been documented to cause severe systemic illness, especially in immunocompromised hosts. It has been linked with severe sepsis, septic arthritis, endocarditis, and subdural abscess. We report a case of a 65-year-old male with a history of human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) and chronic hepatitis B presenting with high fevers, pain, and swelling in multiple joints. His blood cultures grew C. fetus. Synovial fluid analysis from the knee joint revealed leukocytes of 17,000 with 93% neutrophils, and gram stains and cultures from synovial fluid were negative. The patient improved with piperacillin-tazobactam and vancomycin which were transitioned to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and azithromycin as the patient returned to baseline functional status.