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Updated: Sep 23, 2025

Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals
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Reactive intermediate phase cold sintering in strontium titanate.

R Boston1, J Guo2, S Funahashi3

  • 1Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield S1 3JD UK r.boston@sheffield.ac.uk.

RSC Advances
|May 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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A novel reactive intermediate phase cold sintering process enables dense strontium titanate ceramics fabrication at 950°C. This method offers a low-temperature route for densifying functional oxides, overcoming limitations of conventional sintering.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Ceramic Engineering

Background:

  • Conventional sintering of strontium titanate (SrTiO3) requires high temperatures (>1400°C).
  • Existing cold sintering mechanisms often rely on specific precipitation pathways, limiting applicability.
  • Developing low-temperature ceramic fabrication methods is crucial for energy efficiency and material versatility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a low-temperature (<1000°C) method for fabricating dense strontium titanate ceramics.
  • To investigate a reactive intermediate phase cold sintering process for enhanced densification.
  • To demonstrate the applicability of this method across various powder sizes and for other functional oxides.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of dense strontium titanate ceramics using a reactive intermediate phase cold sintering process.

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Last Updated: Sep 23, 2025

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  • Mixing an aqueous solution of SrCl2 with TiO2 nanoparticles and SrTiO3 powders.
  • Pressing the mixture at 180°C to form a green body, followed by post-press heating at 950°C.

    • Main Results:

    • Achieved dense (>96% theoretical) strontium titanate ceramics at a significantly reduced temperature of 950°C.
    • The reactive intermediate phase (TiO2 and SrCl2) facilitated in-filling micro-reactions for densification.
    • The process successfully densified both nano- and micron-sized starting powders, independent of specific precipitation mechanisms.

    Conclusions:

    • The reactive intermediate phase cold sintering process is an effective low-temperature route for dense strontium titanate ceramic fabrication.
    • This method overcomes limitations of traditional cold sintering by not relying on amorphous-to-crystalline precipitation.
    • The process shows potential for densifying a wide range of functional oxides using various low-temperature synthesis routes.