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Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
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Self-monitoring is a central construct in understanding individual differences in self-presentation strategies across social contexts. It refers to how individuals observe, regulate, and control their expressive behavior and self-presentation following situational cues. Self-monitoring reflects a person's sensitivity to social appropriateness and willingness to adapt behavior to fit varying interpersonal demands.High vs. Low Self-Monitoring IndividualsIndividuals high in self-monitoring are...
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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 23, 2025

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
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Validity of Online Versus In-Clinic Self-Reported Everyday Cognition Scale.

T Howell1, J Neuhaus, M M Glymour

  • 1Taylor Howell, 4150 Clement Street, #114M Building 13 San Francisco, California 94121, USA, Telephone: 415-221-4810 x24222, taylor.howell@ucsf.edu.

The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer'S Disease
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PubMed
Summary

Online cognitive assessments closely match in-clinic evaluations. This supports using online tools for efficient Alzheimer's disease research and cognitive function studies.

Keywords:
online research registryEveryday cognition

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Online cognitive assessments offer a viable alternative to traditional in-clinic evaluations.
  • The Everyday Cognition Scale (ECog) is a self-reported measure of cognitive function in daily life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the relationship and agreement between online and in-clinic versions of the Everyday Cognition Scale (ECog).
  • To assess the reliability of in-clinic ECog over a six-month period.

Main Methods:

  • Bland-Altman plots and regression analyses were used to compare online and in-clinic ECog scores in 94 participants (ADNI-BHR).
  • Test-retest reliability of in-clinic ECog was assessed in 472 participants (ADNI) over six months using similar statistical methods.

Main Results:

  • Online ECog demonstrated a close correspondence with in-clinic ECog, with a mean difference of 0.11 and strong correlation (R2=0.60).
  • In-clinic ECog showed good reliability over six months, with a mean difference of 0.01 and a correlation of R2=0.61.

Conclusions:

  • Online cognitive assessments, specifically the ECog, are valid and reliable measures comparable to in-clinic assessments.
  • The findings support the use of online cognitive assessments to enhance the efficiency and scalability of Alzheimer's disease research.