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Related Concept Videos

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

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Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

24.0K
A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
24.0K
Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

42.5K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
42.5K
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

61.8K
Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
61.8K
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

42.7K
Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
42.7K
Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

22.6K
For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
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Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone
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Diffusions in Aqueous Solutions with Multivalent Cations and Especially in Cationic First Hydration Shell.

Jinbing Zhang1,2, Jie Cui3, Fengping Wang1

  • 1School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|May 11, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diffusion of multivalent cations and water in solutions shows similar concentration dependence until only hydration water remains. The iceberg model applies until low temperatures, revealing complex ion-water interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Solution Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Limited understanding of multivalent cation and water diffusion in hydration shells.
  • Contrast with well-studied univalent cation diffusion behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the concentration dependence of multivalent cation and water diffusion.
  • Evaluate the applicability of the iceberg model for cation diffusion.
  • Clarify the role of hydration water in solute diffusion.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of published translational diffusion coefficients.
  • 1H-pulsed-field-gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG NMR) measurements.
  • Temperature-dependent diffusion studies.

Main Results:

  • Multivalent cations and water exhibit similar concentration dependence until only hydration water remains.
  • Cation charge number influences diffusion dependence in confined water.
  • Iceberg model describes cation diffusion until hydration water is present.
  • 1H in hydration shells diffuses faster than Al3+ at room temperature, with equal diffusion at 243 K.

Conclusions:

  • The iceberg model equivalently describes strong ion-water interactions, not necessarily the physical diffusion pathway.
  • Hydration water's role in solute diffusion, especially with weak solute-water interactions, needs re-evaluation.
  • Findings offer insights into solute-water interactions in confined environments.