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Related Concept Videos

Density00:56

Density

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Density is an important characteristic of substances, crucial in determining whether an object sinks or floats in a fluid. Its SI unit is kg/m3, and its cgs unit is g/cm3. The density of an object helps in identifying its composition, and also reveals information about the phase of the matter and its substructure. The densities of liquids and solids are roughly comparable, consistent with the fact that their atoms are in close contact. However, gases have much lower densities than liquids and...
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Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
Temporary attractive forces like dispersion are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. They...
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Density and Archimedes' Principle01:05

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When a lump of clay is dropped into water, it sinks. But if the same lump of clay is molded into the shape of a boat, it starts to float. Because of its shape, the clay boat displaces more water than the lump and experiences a greater buoyant force, even though its mass is the same. The same holds true for steel ships. The average density of an object majorly determines if the object will float. If an object's average density is less than that of the surrounding fluid, it will float. The...
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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures
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Low- and High-Density Unknown Waters at Ice-Water Interfaces.

Hiromasa Niinomi1,2, Akira Kouch1, Tetsuya Hama3

  • 1Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|May 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers observed distinct low-density unknown water (LDUW) and high-density unknown water (HDUW) phases, providing experimental evidence for water

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Understanding water's liquid states, including high-density liquid (HDL) and low-density liquid (LDL) polymorphs, is crucial for explaining its unique properties.
  • Experimental verification of liquid water polymorphs is hindered by the liquid-liquid critical point residing in the inaccessible "no man's land" region of supercooled conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally confirm the existence of distinct liquid polymorphs of water under accessible conditions.
  • To investigate the formation and characteristics of these liquid water phases at interfaces with ice.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized in situ optical microscopy to observe water-ice interfaces.
  • Investigated non-equilibrium interfaces between water and various ice polymorphs under accessible depressurization conditions.
  • Measured characteristic velocities of observed water phases.

Main Results:

  • Observed macroscopic droplets and layers of low-density unknown water (LDUW) and high-density unknown water (HDUW) dependent on ice polymorphs.
  • These unknown water phases appeared at non-equilibrium interfaces under experimentally accessible conditions.
  • Measured distinct characteristic velocities for LDUW (approx. 20 m/s), HDUW (approx. 100 m/s), bulk water (approx. 40 m/s), and quasi-liquid layers (QLLs) (approx. 2 m/s and 0.2 m/s).

Conclusions:

  • The study provides experimental evidence for the existence of distinct liquid polymorphs of water (LDUW and HDUW).
  • These findings offer insights into the long-sought liquid polymorphism of water and its behavior at interfaces.