Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

983
The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
983
Defense Mechanism Against Infection01:26

Defense Mechanism Against Infection

7.3K
Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
In addition, many body organ systems have unique defenses against infection. The skin is an intact, multilayered surface preventing invasion by microorganisms unless impaired. Mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose, and eyelids are barriers...
7.3K
Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health01:05

Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health

454
The gastrointestinal tract, responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, is safeguarded by the intestinal barrier, which consists of secretory, physical, and immune components. At the forefront is the secretory barrier, composed of essential elements such as mucus, gut microbiota, and defense proteins. They collaborate to break down food particles, facilitate nutrient absorption, and maintain optimal gut health. These secretory components ensure the smooth functioning of the...
454
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

12.3K
The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
12.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Eosinophil-epithelial interactions mediate protective intestinal remodeling during food allergy.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Tissue-specific clonal selection and differentiation of CD4⁺ T cells during infection.

Nature immunology·2026
Same author

Immune cells adapt to distinct stem cell niches to govern tissue homeostasis.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Identification of distinct cDC2 subpopulations that direct microbiota-specific T cell differentiation.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

An "electric" microbial cue to control food intake behavior.

Cell metabolism·2025
Same author

Tissue-specific clonal selection and differentiation of CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells during infection.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same journal

Targeting cholesterol esterification sensitizes liver cancer to CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell attack by impairing metabolic and redox resilience.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

Brain endothelial cells orchestrate a neuroprotective antiviral state in the CNS in response to peripheral viral pattern sensing.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

Extracellular ATP-P2RY2 signaling drives intratumoral prostaglandin E2 accumulation and adaptive resistance to immunotherapy in solid tumors.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

B cell-derived type I interferon sustains T cell functionality upon strong TCR stimulation during chronic infection.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

Lactate binds and inhibits the innate immune sensor STING to promote tumor immune evasion.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

Antibody binding geometry and affinity control inhibitory hFcγRIIB receptor signaling.

Immunity·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 23, 2025

Adapting Gastrointestinal Organoids for Pathogen Infection and Single Cell Sequencing under Biosafety Level 3 BSL-3 Conditions
07:59

Adapting Gastrointestinal Organoids for Pathogen Infection and Single Cell Sequencing under Biosafety Level 3 BSL-3 Conditions

Published on: September 10, 2021

3.2K

Immunity to enteric viruses.

Ainsley Lockhart1, Daniel Mucida2, Roham Parsa1

  • 1Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.

Immunity
|May 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reviews natural immunity to enteric viruses, focusing on the intestinal immune system and oral vaccine development. Understanding these antiviral mechanisms can lead to improved vaccines for global health.

Keywords:
COVID-19Mucosal immunologyT cellsadaptive immunityenteric virusesinnate immunitynoroviruspoliovirusrotationsviruses

More Related Videos

Quantifying Human Norovirus Virus-like Particles Binding to Commensal Bacteria Using Flow Cytometry
07:02

Quantifying Human Norovirus Virus-like Particles Binding to Commensal Bacteria Using Flow Cytometry

Published on: April 29, 2020

8.1K
EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay
11:09

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

Published on: September 11, 2016

8.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 23, 2025

Adapting Gastrointestinal Organoids for Pathogen Infection and Single Cell Sequencing under Biosafety Level 3 BSL-3 Conditions
07:59

Adapting Gastrointestinal Organoids for Pathogen Infection and Single Cell Sequencing under Biosafety Level 3 BSL-3 Conditions

Published on: September 10, 2021

3.2K
Quantifying Human Norovirus Virus-like Particles Binding to Commensal Bacteria Using Flow Cytometry
07:02

Quantifying Human Norovirus Virus-like Particles Binding to Commensal Bacteria Using Flow Cytometry

Published on: April 29, 2020

8.1K
EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay
11:09

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

Published on: September 11, 2016

8.9K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Enteric viruses cause significant illness and death, especially in children in developing nations.
  • The intestinal immune system balances pathogen defense with tolerance to commensals and food.
  • The intestine is a critical interface where environmental factors affect viral susceptibility and immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current knowledge on natural immunity to enteric viruses.
  • To highlight specialized features of the intestinal immune system in antiviral defense.
  • To discuss translating intestinal antiviral mechanisms into oral vaccine development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on enteric viral immunity.
  • Analysis of specialized intestinal immune system features.
  • Exploration of oral vaccine strategies based on antiviral mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • The intestinal immune system possesses unique mechanisms for combating enteric viruses.
  • Environmental factors significantly influence host susceptibility and immune responses to enteric viruses.
  • Viral infections can have long-term health consequences.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of enteric antiviral immunity is crucial for developing effective vaccines.
  • Targeting oral immunization routes holds promise for future vaccine development.
  • Further research into the complex interplay between the host, viruses, and environment is needed.