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Muscles for Facial Expressions

Muscles for Facial Expressions

The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...

Reticular Dermis

Reticular Dermis

The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
Reticular Layer
Underlying the papillary layer is the much thicker reticular layer, composed of dense, irregular connective...

Layers of Connective Tissue Proper

Layers of Connective Tissue Proper

Fascia, a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue, is distributed throughout the body. It demarcates and forms a supportive covering over skeletal muscles, bones, blood vessels, and organs. There are three main types of facia— superficial fascia, deep fascia, and subserous fascia. These are all present at different depths in the body. Fascia reduces the friction and permits muscles, joints, and organs to easily slide against each other, facilitating movement of the body and preventing...

Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

Muscles that Move the Head

Muscles that Move the Head

The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 23, 2025

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Published on: March 1, 2015

The Extended Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System Deep Plane Facelift.

Shirley Hu¹, Stephen W Perkins¹

¹Department of Facial Plastic Surgery, Meridian Plastic Surgery Center, Indianapolis, Indiana.

Facial Plastic Surgery : FPS

|May 11, 2022

Summary

This study details an advanced face and neck lift technique, the extended superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) deep plane rhytidectomy. It refines tissue repositioning for lasting, successful rejuvenation results.

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Area of Science:

Plastic Surgery
Facial Rejuvenation Techniques
Aesthetic Medicine

Background:

The senior author has dedicated four decades to refining a specific face and neck lifting procedure.
Previous methods have established a foundation for current advanced techniques in rhytidectomy.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a detailed update and discussion on the perfected extended superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) deep plane rhytidectomy and submentoplasty.
To elucidate the specific techniques that contribute to successful and long-lasting outcomes in facial and neck rejuvenation.

Main Methods:

The extended superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) deep plane rhytidectomy technique is utilized.
Tissues in both the face and neck are addressed at the SMAS layer.
A superior and posterior vector is employed for tissue repositioning.
A cervicomental sling is created to enhance the neck contour.

Main Results:

The procedure has demonstrated consistently successful outcomes over extensive clinical experience.
Results are characterized by their long-lasting effectiveness in facial and neck rejuvenation.
The technique achieves significant improvements in the cervicomental area.

Conclusions:

The extended SMAS deep plane rhytidectomy and submentoplasty represent a perfected, effective method for facial and neck lifting.
The described techniques offer reliable and durable results for patients seeking rejuvenation.
This approach provides a robust solution for addressing age-related changes in the face and neck.