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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species that adapted to the new conditions. In the current geological epoch, the Holocene, there is a sixth extinction event in progress. This mass extinction has been attributed to human activities and is thus provisionally called the Anthropocene. In 2019 the human population reached 7.7 billion people and is projected to comprise 10 billion by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 23, 2025

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface
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'Hot' climate models exaggerate Earth impacts.

Paul Voosen

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |May 13, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary

    United Nations report authors advise researchers to avoid unreliable models. This guidance aims to improve the accuracy and trustworthiness of scientific research findings.

    Area of Science:

    • Environmental science
    • Climate modeling

    Background:

    • Scientific models are crucial tools for understanding complex systems.
    • The United Nations report highlights concerns regarding the reliability of certain predictive models.

    Discussion:

    • Researchers must critically evaluate the assumptions and limitations of models used in their studies.
    • The report emphasizes the need for transparency in model development and validation.

    Key Insights:

    • Suspect models can lead to inaccurate conclusions and flawed policy recommendations.
    • Adopting rigorous model selection criteria is essential for scientific integrity.

    Outlook:

    • Future research should focus on developing more robust and transparent modeling techniques.

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  • Enhanced model validation protocols will strengthen the credibility of scientific findings.