Synthesis of styrene maleic anhydride copolymer grafted graphene and its dispersion in aqueous solution

In this study, three simple methods were described to synthesize covalently functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) with poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (SMA) via ester linkages. Furthermore, the dispersibility of modified GNPs in aqueous solution was characterized by several techniques. Anchoring of SMA long-chains on GNPs via chemical bonds was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that the SMA unevenly covered the surface and edges of the GNPs. Solubility measurements showed that the modified GNPs prepared by the designed method had excellent dispersibility in aqueous solution, and the grafting rate of modified GNPs showed an obvious positive correlation with the concentration in aqueous solution as revealed by ultraviolet absorbency and thermogravimetric analysis results. Markedly, the modified GNPs during ultrasonic treatment exhibited better dispersibility and grafting rate compared to others. Moreover, the experimental results confirmed that GNP concentration reached up to 0.32 mg mL^-1 in aqueous solution and the grafting rate was 18.02%. The content of SMA had little effect on grafting rate; however, the ultrasonic duration significantly affected the process.