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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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Epigenetics, Enhancer Function and 3D Chromatin Organization in Reprogramming to Pluripotency.

Andreas Hörnblad1, Silvia Remeseiro1,2

  • 1Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine (UCMM), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.

Cells
|May 14, 2022
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Summary

Reprogramming somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) involves dynamic epigenetic and chromatin changes. This review details how genome architecture and enhancer function establish and maintain pluripotency during this cell fate transition.

Keywords:
3D genomeOSKMenhancerepigeneticsiPSCspluripotencyreprogramming

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Cell fate and identity are governed by genome architecture, epigenetics, and enhancer function.
  • Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming transitions somatic cells to a pluripotent state through stepwise transcriptional and chromatin landscape alterations.
  • Regulatory network dynamics are crucial for cell fate determination during both embryonic development and cellular reprogramming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the processes governing pluripotency establishment and maintenance during somatic cell reprogramming.
  • To highlight the dynamic reorganization of epigenetic landscapes, enhancer function, chromatin accessibility, and 3D chromatin topology during reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on somatic cell reprogramming.
  • Analysis of epigenetic modifications and chromatin dynamics.
  • Examination of enhancer activity and regulatory network changes.

Main Results:

  • Reprogramming involves a coordinated switch from somatic to pluripotent programs.
  • Epigenetic landscape, enhancer function, and chromatin accessibility undergo significant reorganization.
  • 3D chromatin topology changes are integral to achieving pluripotency.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the control mechanisms of pluripotency is key to advancing regenerative medicine.
  • Dynamic epigenetic and chromatin remodeling are fundamental to successful somatic cell reprogramming.
  • Further research into regulatory networks will refine reprogramming strategies.