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Related Concept Videos

Respiration Pathways01:26

Respiration Pathways

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Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process that enables organisms to generate energy from organic molecules. One of its central pathways is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which plays a crucial role in energy production and biosynthetic processes.Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoAThe pyruvate generated from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH, and one...
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Introduction to Cellular Respiration01:22

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Organisms harvest energy from food, but this energy cannot be directly used by cells. Cells convert the energy stored in nutrients into a more usable form: adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
ATP stores energy in chemical bonds that can be quickly released when needed. Cells produce energy in the form of ATP through the process of cellular respiration. Although much of the energy from cellular respiration is released as heat, some of it is used to make ATP.
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Carbohydrate Catabolism01:30

Carbohydrate Catabolism

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Carbohydrate catabolism is a fundamental process in cellular metabolism that enables energy extraction from glucose through two primary pathways: cellular respiration and fermentation. Both pathways begin with glycolysis, which operates independently of oxygen availability.Glycolysis: A Shared Starting PointGlycolysis is an oxygen-independent process that breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid. During this process, a net gain of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules is...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Gas Exchange and Transport01:20

Gas Exchange and Transport

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Gas exchange, the intake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the outflow of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment, is necessary for cellular function. Gas exchange during respiration occurs largely via the movement of gas molecules along pressure gradients. Gas travels from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. In mammals, gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, which are adjacent to capillaries and share a membrane with them.
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Outcomes of Glycolysis01:13

Outcomes of Glycolysis

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Nearly all the energy used by cells comes from the bonds that make up complex organic compounds. These organic compounds are broken down into simpler molecules, such as glucose. As a result, cells extract energy from glucose over many chemical reactions—a process called cellular respiration.
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Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy
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How CAR T Cells Breathe.

Christopher Forcados1, Sandy Joaquina1, Nicholas Paul Casey1

  • 1Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway.

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|May 14, 2022
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Manufacturing effective CAR T cells is challenging, as their metabolism impacts quality. This review explores how CARs and the tumor microenvironment affect T cell metabolism, using advanced tools to improve CAR T cell fitness.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cellular therapy
  • Immunology
  • Metabolic engineering

Background:

  • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy shows promise but faces manufacturing challenges.
  • Cellular metabolism, encompassing energy production and consumption, is critical for T cell function and quality.
  • T cell metabolic profiles vary with differentiation and stimulation, and CAR introduction can alter these profiles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of CARs on T cell metabolism.
  • To discuss how the tumor microenvironment influences CAR T cell metabolism.
  • To highlight strategies for enhancing CAR T cell metabolic fitness.

Main Methods:

  • Focuses on the Seahorse XF apparatus for quantifying glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration.
  • Reviews studies investigating CAR T cell metabolism.
  • Discusses technological advancements enabling high-throughput metabolic analysis.

Main Results:

  • CAR introduction significantly affects T cell metabolism.
  • The tumor microenvironment can compromise CAR T cell energy resources.
  • Novel technologies facilitate deeper investigation into CAR T cell metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing CAR T cell metabolism is crucial for therapeutic efficacy.
  • Understanding metabolic reprogramming is key to overcoming challenges in CAR T cell therapy.
  • Strategies to enhance metabolic fitness can improve CAR T cell function and persistence.