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Consuming animal-based products offers high-quality proteins that contain optimal levels and combinations of essential amino acids, crucial for tissue repair and growth. Foods like eggs, milk, fish, and most meats are a source of complete proteins. Legumes and cereals are abundant in proteins; however, they typically lack a full range of essential amino acids. As a result, they are considered incomplete protein sources. Some plant sources like soybeans, quinoa, and amaranth do contain complete...
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Alternative Proteins for Fish Diets: Implications beyond Growth.

Cláudia Aragão1, Ana Teresa Gonçalves2,3, Benjamín Costas4,5

  • 1Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
|May 14, 2022
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Summary

Exploring alternative protein sources in aquaculture feeds is crucial for sustainability. While some novel ingredients may impact fish gut health and immunity, others show potential for immune support, requiring further research.

Keywords:
alternative protein sourcesaquaculturedisease resistancefish diet formulationsfishmeal replacementimmune responseintestinal healthmicrobiotaoxidative stressstress response

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Area of Science:

  • Aquaculture Nutrition
  • Fish Health and Welfare
  • Sustainable Feed Development

Background:

  • Aquaculture faces challenges in developing sustainable feed formulations.
  • Decreasing reliance on fishmeal necessitates evaluating alternative protein sources.
  • The impact of these novel ingredients on fish health and welfare requires thorough investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the effects of alternative and novel dietary protein sources on fish.
  • To assess impacts on gut microbiota, health, stress and immune responses, disease resistance, and antioxidant capacity.
  • To inform the development of innovative, sustainable aquaculture diets.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on alternative protein sources in fish feed.
  • Analysis of impacts on various physiological and health parameters in fish.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on fish gut microbiota and immune responses.

Main Results:

  • Alternative protein sources (e.g., plant proteins, animal by-products, insect meals, algae, single-cell proteins) can negatively affect gut microbiota and fish health.
  • These ingredients may influence immune and stress responses.
  • Certain novel sources like insect and algae meals demonstrate potential immunostimulatory properties.

Conclusions:

  • Novel protein sources present both challenges and opportunities for aquaculture feed.
  • Further research beyond growth performance is essential to understand their full impact.
  • Developing innovative diets with optimized welfare conditions is key for sustainable aquaculture growth.