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The Respiratory System

The Respiratory System

The respiratory system is comprised of the organs that enable breathing. Air enters the nostrils and mouth, followed by the pharynx (throat) and larynx (voice box), which lead to the trachea (windpipe). In the thoracic cavity, the trachea splits into two bronchi that allow air to enter the lungs. The bronchi split into progressively smaller bronchioles and terminate in small groups of tiny sacs in the lungs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.

Respiratory Capacities

Respiratory Capacities

Respiratory capacities are crucial indicators of lung function, representing the maximum amount of air an individual's respiratory system can handle during various breathing phases.
One key metric is the Inspiratory Capacity (IC), which represents the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled with full effort. IC is calculated by summing the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume, typically ranging from 2.4 to 3.6 liters.
The Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) represents the air in the...

Mechanical Ventilation III: Noninvasive Ventilation

Mechanical Ventilation III: Noninvasive Ventilation

Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) are essential methods in respiratory care. These ventilation techniques offer unique benefits for patients with various respiratory conditions, providing adequate support without requiring intubation. Let's explore how each method is crucial in improving patient outcomes and enhancing respiratory therapy.
Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation...

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation V: Advanced Airway Management Techniques

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation V: Advanced Airway Management Techniques

Airway management is essential in emergency and surgical medicine, ensuring ventilation and oxygenation in patients who cannot maintain their own airway. Clinicians use a range of techniques and devices to secure the airway, depending on the patient’s condition and the clinical context. Key methods include endotracheal intubation, rapid sequence intubation (RSI), supraglottic airway devices, and advanced visualization aids. In cases where these approaches fail, surgical airway...

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I

Assessing the respiratory rate and rhythm for a complete minute is crucial for evaluating the breathing pattern. Even a minor increase in the patient's average respiratory rate, by as little as three to five breaths per minute, is an early and vital indicator of respiratory distress. Patients with a respiratory rate exceeding twenty-four breaths per minute require close monitoring to determine the physiological alterations. This careful observation is essential for prompt recognition and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 23, 2025

Evaluating Regional Pulmonary Deposition using Patient-Specific 3D Printed Lung Models

Evaluating Regional Pulmonary Deposition using Patient-Specific 3D Printed Lung Models

Published on: November 11, 2020

Additive manufacturing in respiratory sciences - Current applications and future prospects.

Simon Bock¹, Thomas Rades², Jukka Rantanen²

¹Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Kiel University, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany.

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

|May 15, 2022

Summary

Additive Manufacturing (AM) revolutionizes respiratory sciences by enabling tailored drug delivery systems and advanced medical devices. This technology offers innovative solutions from particle design to bioprinting for improved patient care.

Keywords:

3D printing Airways Bioprinting Drug delivery to the lungs Inhalation Particle design Rapid Prototyping

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Area of Science:

Pharmaceutical Sciences
Biomedical Engineering
Respiratory Medicine

Background:

Additive Manufacturing (AM) offers versatile fabrication techniques for customized objects.
Technological advancements drive AM applications in medicinal products and medical devices.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of Additive Manufacturing applications in respiratory sciences.
To highlight the benefits of integrating AM in pharmaceutical development for respiratory applications.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on AM in pharmaceutical development and respiratory sciences.
Discussion of AM for particle design in respiratory drug delivery.
Exemplification of AM in inhaler design, prototyping, and testing.
Presentation of bioprinting for respiratory in vitro models and AM in clinical care.

Main Results:

AM enables tailored microstructures for advanced respiratory drug delivery.
AM facilitates data-driven inhaler design through rapid prototyping and in vitro testing.
Bioprinting and AM processes are applicable to preventive and therapeutic respiratory care.

Conclusions:

Additive Manufacturing presents significant potential for innovation across pharmaceutical development and clinical applications in respiratory sciences.
Future prospects include integrating AM within digital health environments for enhanced respiratory care.