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Updated: Sep 23, 2025

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners
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Fluctuations in proximity seeking and paranoia.

Kate Lawrence1, Sandra Bucci1,2, Katherine Berry1,2

  • 1Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.

The British Journal of Clinical Psychology
|May 16, 2022
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Summary

Stress can activate attachment systems, potentially increasing paranoia in individuals with avoidant attachment styles. This highlights the role of attachment in daily stress and paranoia experiences.

Keywords:
attachmentexperience sampling methodologyparanoiaproximity seekingstress

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • The attachment system, crucial for emotional regulation, may play a role in daily stress responses.
  • Understanding how attachment styles influence reactions to stress and paranoia is vital for mental health research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the links between proximity seeking, stress, and paranoia in everyday life.
  • To investigate if attachment styles moderate these associations.

Main Methods:

  • Employed an experience sampling method with 60 non-clinical participants over 6 days.
  • Conducted 3423 assessments of state stress, proximity seeking, and paranoia.
  • Utilized multilevel linear regression to analyze the relationships between variables.

Main Results:

  • Subjective appraisal of events (pleasant or unpleasant) predicted proximity seeking.
  • Increased stress correlated with greater variability in proximity seeking.
  • Avoidant attachment styles moderated the relationship, with increased proximity seeking predicting higher paranoia.

Conclusions:

  • The attachment system appears to activate in response to stress in daily life.
  • Avoidant attachment may exacerbate paranoia by activating fears of unavailable others and promoting self-reliance.
  • Attachment styles are important considerations in the assessment and formulation of paranoia.