Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

12.3K
One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
12.3K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

25.8K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
25.8K
tRNA Activation02:26

tRNA Activation

20.2K
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
20.2K
Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

30.7K
Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
30.7K
RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

5.4K
The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...
5.4K
Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

29.9K
RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
29.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effects of elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor on the nasal microbial metagenome in cystic fibrosis.

Microbiology spectrum·2026
Same author

Social relevance of microbiology literacy.

FEMS microbiology letters·2026
Same author

An infant nasal microbial gene atlas uncovers intervention-driven microbiome shifts and salt-resistant pathogen expansion.

Cell host & microbe·2026
Same author

Fragile research systems, brain drain, and predatory publishing in under-resourced countries.

microLife·2026
Same author

A structure-informed deep learning framework for modeling TCR-peptide-HLA interactions.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Editorial: society journals matter-supporting science through renewed commitment.

microLife·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 23, 2025

Author Spotlight: AQRNA-seq Role in Mapping Small RNAs and Unraveling Protein Translation Mechanisms
05:12

Author Spotlight: AQRNA-seq Role in Mapping Small RNAs and Unraveling Protein Translation Mechanisms

Published on: February 2, 2024

920

Bacterial tRNA landscape revisited.

Marie-Madlen Pust1, Kenneth N Timmis2, Burkhard Tümmler1,3

  • 1Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.

Environmental Microbiology
|May 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The Wobble Hypothesis explains tRNA decoding, but gaps remain regarding specific anticodon absences in bacteria and eukaryotes. AI-driven tRNA sequencing is proposed to uncover modification patterns driving evolutionary divergence.

More Related Videos

Genome-wide Analysis of Aminoacylation Charging Levels of tRNA Using Microarrays
07:32

Genome-wide Analysis of Aminoacylation Charging Levels of tRNA Using Microarrays

Published on: June 18, 2010

12.6K
Metabolic Labeling and Profiling of Transfer RNAs Using Macroarrays
10:56

Metabolic Labeling and Profiling of Transfer RNAs Using Macroarrays

Published on: January 16, 2018

5.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 23, 2025

Author Spotlight: AQRNA-seq Role in Mapping Small RNAs and Unraveling Protein Translation Mechanisms
05:12

Author Spotlight: AQRNA-seq Role in Mapping Small RNAs and Unraveling Protein Translation Mechanisms

Published on: February 2, 2024

920
Genome-wide Analysis of Aminoacylation Charging Levels of tRNA Using Microarrays
07:32

Genome-wide Analysis of Aminoacylation Charging Levels of tRNA Using Microarrays

Published on: June 18, 2010

12.6K
Metabolic Labeling and Profiling of Transfer RNAs Using Macroarrays
10:56

Metabolic Labeling and Profiling of Transfer RNAs Using Macroarrays

Published on: January 16, 2018

5.9K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • The Wobble Hypothesis explains how ~40 transfer RNA (tRNA) species decode 61 amino acid codons in the Universal Genetic Code.
  • Significant gaps exist in understanding why bacteria lack specific anticodons (ANN) while eukaryotes lack others (GNN).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary divergence of tRNA repertoires in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
  • To explore the role of nucleoside modifications in shaping tRNA evolution.
  • To highlight the need for advanced sequencing technologies for comprehensive tRNA analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing tRNA decoding models, including the Wobble Hypothesis.
  • Discussion of comparative genomics and evolutionary patterns of tRNA anticodons.
  • Proposal for AI-supported direct tRNA sequencing for nucleoside modification identification.

Main Results:

  • The Wobble Hypothesis provides a partial explanation for tRNA sufficiency but does not account for specific absent anticodon families.
  • Divergent evolution in prokaryotes and eukaryotes has led to distinct tRNA repertoire patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Direct tRNA sequencing with AI base-callers is crucial to understand the role of nucleoside modifications in tRNA evolution.
  • Further research into bacterial antisense tRNAs and tRNA-derived fragments is needed to elucidate their functions in gene expression and metabolism.