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The Cross-Talk between Polyphenols and the Target Enzymes Related to Oxidative Stress-Induced Thyroid Cancer
Shabnam Heydarzadeh1,2, Sima Kheradmand Kia3, Maryam Zarkesh2
1Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Falavarjan Branch Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
Abstract:
The most serious hallmark step of carcinogenesis is oxidative stress, which induces cell DNA damage. Although in normal conditions ROS are important second messengers, in pathological conditions such as cancer, due to imbalanced redox enzyme expression, oxidative stress can occur. Recent studies with firmly established evidence suggest an interdependence between oxidative stress and thyroid cancer based on thyroid hormone synthesis. Indeed, a reduced antioxidant defense system might play a part in several steps of progression in thyroid cancer. Based on studies that have been conducted previously, future drug designs for targeting enzymatic ROS sources, as a single agent or in combination, have to be tested. Polyphenols represent the potential for modulating biological events in thyroid cancer, including antioxidative activity. Targeting enzymatic ROS sources, without affecting the physiological redox state, might be an important purpose. As regards the underlying chemopreventive mechanisms of natural compounds that have been discussed in other cancer models, the confirmation of the influence of polyphenols on thyroid cancer is inconclusive and rarely available. Therefore, there is a need for further scientific investigations into the features of the antioxidative effects of polyphenols on thyroid cancer. The current review illustrates the association between some polyphenols and the key enzymes that take place in oxidation reactions in developing thyroid cancer cells. This review gives the main points of the enzymatic ROS sources act and redox signaling in normal physiological or pathological contexts and supplies a survey of the currently available modulators of TPO, LOX, NOX, DUOX, Nrf2, and LPO derived from polyphenols.
Insights
Oxidative stress is a key factor in thyroid cancer development. This review explores how polyphenols, natural compounds with antioxidant properties, may help combat thyroid cancer by targeting specific enzymes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Biochemistry
- Molecular Biology
Background:
- Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance in reactive oxygen species (ROS), is a critical driver of carcinogenesis and DNA damage.
- While ROS act as signaling molecules in normal cells, their dysregulation due to altered redox enzyme expression contributes to pathological conditions like cancer.
- Evidence highlights a strong link between oxidative stress and thyroid cancer, potentially involving thyroid hormone synthesis and reduced antioxidant defenses.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the association between polyphenols and key enzymes in oxidative reactions within thyroid cancer cells.
- To explore the potential of polyphenols in modulating biological events in thyroid cancer, focusing on their antioxidative activities.
- To investigate the influence of polyphenols on enzymatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) sources and redox signaling in thyroid cancer.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of studies investigating oxidative stress, thyroid cancer, and polyphenol activity.
- Analysis of the roles of key enzymes such as TPO, LOX, NOX, DUOX, Nrf2, and LPO in thyroid carcinogenesis.
- Survey of available polyphenol-derived modulators targeting these enzymes.
Main Results:
- Polyphenols show potential in modulating biological events in thyroid cancer, including antioxidant effects.
- Targeting enzymatic ROS sources, without disrupting physiological redox balance, is a key therapeutic consideration.
- The chemopreventive mechanisms of polyphenols in thyroid cancer require further investigation due to limited conclusive evidence.
Conclusions:
- Oxidative stress is a significant hallmark in thyroid cancer progression.
- Polyphenols offer a promising avenue for developing novel therapeutic strategies against thyroid cancer.
- Further research is essential to confirm and elucidate the antioxidative effects of polyphenols in thyroid cancer.
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