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Related Concept Videos

Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers01:17

Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers

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Calcium channel blockers, a class of antiepileptic drugs, regulate the flow of calcium ions within neurons.
Calcium channel blockers exert their antiepileptic effects by targeting T-type calcium channels, which are integral to transmitting nerve signals in the central nervous system. These channels allow the passage of calcium ions, which are vital for neuronal communication. By inhibiting T-type calcium channels, calcium channel blockers effectively reduce the release of neurotransmitters and...
676
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
297
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

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Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
991
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

629
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
629
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

535
Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
535
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

302
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Updated: Sep 23, 2025

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement
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Seizures Associated With Bone Density Conservation Agents.

Kuan Sturgill1, Justin P Reinert1,2

  • 1Bon Secours Mercy Health St. Vincent Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA.

The Journal of Pharmacy Technology : Jpt : Official Publication of the Association of Pharmacy Technicians
|May 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bone density agents may rarely cause seizures, particularly in patients with low calcium levels. Addressing underlying conditions before treatment is crucial for patient safety and preventing seizure risk.

Keywords:
bisphosphonatescalcitonindenosumabhypocalcemiaseizures

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Bone density conservation agents (BDCAs) are widely used for osteoporosis treatment.
  • Seizures are a potential adverse event associated with various medications.
  • The relationship between BDCAs and seizure occurrence requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the existing literature on seizures in patients treated with bone density conservation agents (BDCAs).
  • To identify specific BDCAs associated with seizure events and potential contributing factors.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted using keywords related to osteoporosis, seizures, and BDCAs.
  • Articles were screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.
  • Data from case reports, case series, and cohort studies were synthesized.

Main Results:

  • Six articles met the inclusion criteria, including 4 case reports, 1 case series, and 1 retrospective cohort study.
  • Seizures were reported with zoledronic acid, alendronate, denosumab, and calcitonin.
  • Potential contributing factors included prior seizure history, hypocalcemia, hypovitaminosis D, gastrectomy, and infection.

Conclusions:

  • While a direct causal link is not established, the hypocalcemic effects of some BDCAs may precipitate seizures in susceptible individuals.
  • Correction of underlying conditions and electrolyte imbalances is recommended before initiating BDCA therapy.
  • Further research is necessary to elucidate the precise relationship between BDCAs and seizure risk.