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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...

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Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
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The NOD Mouse Beyond Autoimmune Diabetes.

Anne-Marie Aubin1,2, Félix Lombard-Vadnais1,3, Roxanne Collin1,2,4

  • 1Immunology-Oncology Division, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Frontiers in Immunology
|May 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse model is crucial for studying autoimmune diabetes and other autoimmune diseases. Genetic modifications reveal the NOD background

Keywords:
NOD micebiliary diseaseneuropathypolyautoimmunitythyroiditis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice spontaneously develop autoimmune diabetes, mirroring human type 1 diabetes.
  • NOD mice, established in 1980, are a key model for autoimmune diabetes research, treatment testing, and understanding disease progression.
  • NOD mice also exhibit polyautoimmunity, including autoimmune thyroiditis and Sjögren's syndrome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse as a versatile model for studying various autoimmune diseases beyond type 1 diabetes.
  • To explore how genetic manipulation of NOD mice influences autoimmune disease phenotypes.
  • To highlight the utility of NOD mouse variants in dissecting genetic susceptibility and pathophysiology of organ-specific autoimmune diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse models and their use in autoimmune disease research.
  • Analysis of genetic modifications in NOD mice and their impact on disease incidence.
  • Examination of commonalities, such as autoantibodies, across autoimmune diseases in NOD variants.

Main Results:

  • Genetic manipulation of NOD mice can confer resistance to diabetes but may increase susceptibility to other autoimmune conditions.
  • The NOD genetic background is inherently prone to autoimmunity, with manipulations potentially redirecting autoimmune responses.
  • Autoantibodies are a common feature in autoimmune diseases observed in NOD mouse variants.

Conclusions:

  • NOD mouse variants are invaluable tools for investigating the pathophysiology and genetic basis of diverse organ-specific autoimmune diseases.
  • Understanding autoimmune disease mechanisms in NOD mice extends beyond diabetes to conditions like thyroiditis and Sjögren's syndrome.
  • The NOD model, including its genetically modified strains, offers broad applications for autoimmune disease research.