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Related Concept Videos

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
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Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

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Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
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Depolarizing Blockers: Mechanism of Action01:28

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Depolarizing blockers act on skeletal muscle fibers' membranes and induce their depolarization. Most depolarizing blockers have two quaternary N+ atoms that bind the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and cause neuromuscular blockade within minutes.
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The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
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Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
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Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics01:19

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Depolarizing blockers are administered through intravenous injection. Succinylcholine is the most common choice of depolarizing blockers in emergency clinical practices. Although they have a rapid onset, they readily diffuse away from the motor end plate into the extracellular fluid. They are metabolized by enzymes such as liver butyrylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterases. This produces a short duration of action, typically 5-10 minutes long, unlike nondepolarizing blockers, which...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 23, 2025

Using Q Suture to Enhance Resistance to Gap Formation and Tensile Strength of Repaired Flexor Tendons
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Quinolone-induced Biceps Tendon Rupture.

R Crawford1, A Gallagher1, C Devine2

  • 1Department of Medicine, Bon Secours Hospital, Glasnevin.

Irish Medical Journal
|May 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quinolone antibiotics can cause rare but serious tendon ruptures. This case report emphasizes considering this risk in patients with acute limb pain after quinolone exposure.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedics
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Tendon rupture is a known adverse effect associated with fluoroquinolone antibiotic use.
  • Early identification and management are crucial for favorable outcomes.

Observation:

  • A 76-year-old male presented with acute left upper limb pain and ecchymosis.
  • Ultrasound revealed a partial left biceps tendon rupture.

Findings:

  • Conservative management, including analgesia and reassurance, was initiated.
  • The patient's symptoms were attributed to a quinolone-induced tendon injury.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of considering quinolone-induced tendon rupture in the differential diagnosis of acute limb pain.
  • Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion in patients prescribed these antibiotics.