Ammonia volatilization mitigation in crop farming: A review of fertilizer amendment technologies and mechanisms

Good practices in controlling ammonia produced from the predominant agricultural contributor, crop farming, are the most direct yet effective approaches for mitigating ammonia emissions and further relieving air pollution. Of all the practices that have been investigated in recent decades, fertilizer amendment technologies are garnering increased attention as the low nitrogen use efficiency in most applied quick-acting fertilizers is the main cause of high ammonia emissions. This paper systematically reviews the fertilizer amendment technologies and associated mechanisms that have been developed for ammonia control, especially the technology development of inorganic additives-based complex fertilizers, coating-based enhanced efficiency fertilizers, organic waste-based resource fertilizers and microbial agent and algae-based biofertilizers, and their corresponding mechanisms in farmland properties shifting towards inhibiting ammonia volatilization and enhancing nitrogen use efficiency. The systematic analysis of the literature shows that both enhanced efficiency fertilizers technique and biofertilizers technique present outstanding ammonia inhibition performance with an average mitigation efficiency of 54% and 50.1%, respectively, which is mainly attributed to the slowing down in release and hydrolysis of nitrogen fertilizer, the enhancement in the adsorption and retention of NH₄⁺/NH₃ in soil, and the promotion in the microbial consumption of NH₄⁺ in soil. Furthermore, a combined physical and chemical means, namely membrane/film-based mulching technology, for ammonia volatilization inhibition is also evaluated, which is capable of increasing the resistance of ammonia volatilization. Finally, the review addresses the challenges of mitigating agricultural ammonia emissions with the aim of providing an outlook for future research.