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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD01:29

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Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the colon and rectum. The primary drugs used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis are aminosalicylates. They exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. They modulate inflammatory mediators and inhibit the activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Aminosalicylates also reduce inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin and leukotriene production and decreasing neutrophil chemotaxis and superoxide...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 23, 2025

Establishment of a Co-culture System of Patient-Derived Colorectal Tumor Organoids and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs)
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Establishment of a Co-culture System of Patient-Derived Colorectal Tumor Organoids and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs)

Published on: June 27, 2025

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Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer.

Reetu Mukherji1, Benjamin A Weinberg1, Katrina S Pedersen2

  • 1Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC 20057, USA.

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America
|May 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Colorectal cancer often evades immune responses. However, immunotherapy shows promise for specific tumors with DNA repair defects, while new treatments are being explored for broader patient benefit.

Keywords:
Checkpoint inhibitorColorectal cancerImmune checkpoint blockadeImmunotherapyPD-1PD-L1Tumor mutation burden

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Cancer Genomics

Background:

  • Colorectal cancer frequently employs mechanisms to evade the immune system, facilitating tumor growth and progression.
  • A subset of colorectal tumors, characterized by high microsatellite instability and hypermutability due to DNA mismatch repair defects, demonstrate sensitivity to immunotherapy.
  • The majority of patients present with poor immune cell infiltration and limited molecular alterations, hindering effective anti-cancer immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of immune evasion in colorectal cancer.
  • To highlight the potential of immunotherapy in specific colorectal cancer subtypes.
  • To review ongoing research into novel therapeutic strategies for colorectal cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on colorectal cancer immunology and treatment.
  • Analysis of studies investigating microsatellite instability and DNA mismatch repair defects.
  • Examination of early-phase clinical trials for novel colorectal cancer therapies.

Main Results:

  • Immunotherapy can control tumor progression in colorectal cancers with specific genetic profiles (microsatellite instability/hypermutability).
  • Most colorectal cancers lack sufficient immune cell penetration and molecular defects for a robust anti-tumor response.
  • Investigational studies are exploring combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors, targeted therapies, cellular therapies, and vaccines.

Conclusions:

  • While immunotherapy offers a promising avenue for a subset of colorectal cancer patients, significant challenges remain in overcoming immune evasion.
  • Further research and development of innovative therapeutic combinations are crucial to improve treatment efficacy across a broader patient population.
  • Advances in understanding tumor genomics and immune interactions are paving the way for next-generation colorectal cancer treatments.