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Defoliation-induced changes in foliage quality may trigger broad-scale insect outbreaks.

Louis De Grandpré1, Maryse Marchand2, Daniel D Kneeshaw3

  • 1Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada. louis.degrandpre@canada.ca.

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Summary

Insect herbivory can create a positive feedback loop, enhancing forest nutrient availability and improving plant quality. This boosts insect populations, leading to more severe and self-amplifying outbreaks.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Forestry
  • Entomology

Background:

  • Insect outbreaks are influenced by top-down (predation) and bottom-up (host nutrition) factors.
  • Insect defoliation can alter host plant nutritional quality, potentially impacting future outbreaks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the hypothesis that herbivory enhances plant nutritional quality through nutrient cycling, creating a positive feedback loop for insect outbreaks.
  • To investigate the relationship between spruce budworm outbreaks, forest nutrient dynamics, and host tree foliage quality.

Main Methods:

  • Quantified litter nutrient fluxes, soil nitrogen availability, and host tree foliar nutrient status over seven years during a spruce budworm outbreak.
  • Assessed these parameters along a forest susceptibility gradient.

Main Results:

  • Soil nutrient fluxes and nitrogen availability increased as the spruce budworm outbreak progressed.
  • Foliar nutrient status improved in surviving host trees, indicating enhanced plant quality.
  • These changes correlate with increased insect fitness, population density, and defoliation levels.

Conclusions:

  • Defoliation can create a positive bottom-up feedback in forest ecosystems by increasing nutrient availability.
  • This feedback loop fosters conditions conducive to self-amplifying insect herbivore population dynamics and large-scale outbreaks.