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Related Concept Videos

Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique
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BNT162b2-induced memory T cells respond to the Omicron variant with preserved polyfunctionality.

Min Kyung Jung1, Seong Dong Jeong1, Ji Yun Noh2,3

  • 1The Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.

Nature Microbiology
|May 16, 2022
PubMed
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BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine-induced T cells mount a strong response against the Omicron variant's spike protein. This immune memory is preserved, even with Omicron's antibody evasion, highlighting T cells' crucial role in COVID-19 immunity.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • The Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of SARS-CoV-2 demonstrates significant immune evasion, particularly against neutralizing antibodies from prior infection or vaccination.
  • Memory T cells are a critical component of adaptive immunity, potentially offering broader protection against viral variants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional response of memory T cells induced by the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against the Omicron spike protein.
  • To assess T cell polyfunctionality in response to the Omicron variant.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of T cell responses from healthcare workers vaccinated with two or three doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine.
  • Analysis of T cell responses from individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine.
  • Assessment of T cell responses to Omicron and wild-type SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, including polyfunctionality.

Main Results:

  • BNT162b2-induced memory T cells showed substantial functional responses to the Omicron spike protein.
  • No significant difference in T cell response was observed between individuals receiving two versus three vaccine doses.
  • In previously infected individuals, two-dose vaccination boosted T cells responding to both Omicron and wild-type spike proteins.
  • Crucially, the polyfunctionality of vaccine-induced memory T cells was preserved when responding to the Omicron spike protein.

Conclusions:

  • BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination induces memory T cells that effectively respond to the Omicron variant.
  • Preserved T cell polyfunctionality suggests robust cellular immunity against Omicron, complementing antibody responses.
  • These findings underscore the importance of T cell-mediated immunity in providing protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants.