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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Updated: Sep 23, 2025

Induction of Ocular Surface Inflammation and Collection of Involved Tissues
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Sympathetic Ophthalmia - An Overview.

Mamta Agarwal1, Aleksandra Radosavljevic2, Mudit Tyagi3

  • 1Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Uveitis & Cornea Services, Chennai, India.

Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
|May 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) is a rare inflammatory eye condition. New treatments offer improved outcomes for this potentially blinding disease.

Keywords:
Immunosuppressionocular traumapanuveitissympathetic ophthalmiavitreoretinal surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) is a rare, bilateral granulomatous panuveitis.
  • It typically follows ocular trauma or surgery.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes evidence from MEDLINE-cited reports analyzing SO in at least 5 patients, published before December 1st, 2021.
  • It updates knowledge on etiopathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment.

Key Points:

  • SO incidence is increasing after surgical procedures, including vitreoretinal surgeries.
  • Multimodal imaging (OCT, angiography) enhances understanding of SO.
  • Corticosteroids and immunosuppressants remain primary treatments, with TNF-α blockers and biologics showing promise.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding of SO pathogenesis is advancing.
  • Novel therapeutic strategies are improving prognosis for this sight-threatening condition.