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Related Concept Videos

Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
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Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
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Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction01:24

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Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...
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Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction01:30

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Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Etiology
The primary cause of esophageal strictures is long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), accounting for about 70 to 80% of adult cases. Chronic acid reflux can lead to injury and scarring of the esophageal lining, culminating in...
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Vascular Spasm01:16

Vascular Spasm

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The vascular phase, also known as vasospasm, is the initial stage of hemostasis, crucial for preventing excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. After a vessel is cut, nerves in the damaged area trigger pain and other sensory impulses. Simultaneously, the smooth muscles in the vessel wall contract, resulting in a vascular spasm. This contraction reduces the vessel's diameter at the injury site, slowing or stopping blood loss through the vessel wall. Vascular spasms typically last...
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Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management01:26

Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Patients with esophageal strictures often experience a range of symptoms. Initially, they may have difficulty swallowing solid foods, which can progress to include liquids. Additional symptoms may involve chest pain or discomfort, regurgitating food and fluids, heartburn, unintentional weight loss, coughing or choking during meals, and hoarseness.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 23, 2025

A Patient-Derived Xenograft Model for Venous Malformation
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[Child with a vascularized throat mass].

Veronika Volgger1, Stephan T Ledderose2, Evelyn Bienenstein3

  • 1Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU)-Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland.

HNO
|May 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary

A rare benign schwannoma in an 11-year-old girl caused speech difficulty and airway obstruction. Surgical removal via transoral laser microsurgery was successful, with further genetic testing recommended.

Keywords:
PRISSchwannomaSturge–Weber syndromeTongueTumor

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Area of Science:

  • Otorhinolaryngology
  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Schwannomas are rare tumors typically arising from nerve sheaths.
  • Benign oropharyngeal schwannomas are exceptionally uncommon, especially in pediatric patients.
  • Symptoms can include dysphagia, dyspnea, and speech difficulties due to mass effect.

Observation:

  • An 11-year-old girl presented with dysarthria and a history of oral bleeding.
  • Imaging revealed a large, vascularized tumor at the base of the tongue, causing significant oropharyngeal occlusion.
  • The tumor was surgically excised using transoral laser microsurgery following embolization.

Findings:

  • Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of a benign schwannoma.
  • The tumor was completely removed with clear margins.
  • No evidence of malignancy was found.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of considering rare benign tumors in pediatric oropharyngeal masses.
  • Transoral laser microsurgery is a viable and safe approach for removing such lesions.
  • Genetic screening may be beneficial for identifying potential underlying syndromes or predispositions.